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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00393_Text_re53t.txt
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1997-02-04
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Certain findings that at first
seem to challenge the
inference theory can in fact be
reconciled with it. For
example, Paul Kolers and James
Pomerantz, then at the Bell
Telephone Laboratories,
demonstrated that apparent
movement is easily seen when
the two separate images are
different shapes. If A is a circle
and B a triangle, observers will
perceive the circle changing
shape as it moves, becoming a
triangle by the time it reaches
B. This effect suggests that the
sudden disappearance of the
object at A and the sudden
appearance of an object at B
creates such a strong
presumption of movement from
A to B that the movement is
perceived despite the dissimilar
shapes. The perceptual system
thus seems to account for the
dissimilarity in an ingenious
way, by perceiving that the
object deforms as it moves.
One final experiment in
support of the inference view is
worth mentioning. Based upon
an earlier finding by Arnold
Stoper, then at Brandeis
University, Eric Sigman and I
performed the experiment
illustrated at left. Two spots
appeared and disappeared at
spacings and intervals that
normally would yield an
impression of apparent
movement. However, this
appearance and disappearance
was achieved by moving an
opaque rectangle back and
forth over the spots. When the
rectangle itself was not visible,
observers perceived the spots
moving back and forth, as
would be expected. When the
rectangle was visible, however,
they did not perceive the spots
to be moving. Instead, they
perceived them to be
permanently present but
alternately covered and
uncovered by the rectangle.
Although images of the spots
stimulated the retina at the
appropriate spacing and timing,
the sequence did not yield the
illusion of apparent movement.
This finding suggests that we
ordinarily perceive apparent
movement not because it is an
inevitable sensory outcome of
stimulation but because it is
the best explanation of the
otherwise inexplicable sudden
appearance and disappearance
of objects. But in the present
experiment another solution is
available, namely permanently
present spots undergoing
covering and uncovering.